鉴于其精确，效率和客观性，深入学习（DL）在重塑医疗保健系统方面具有很大的承诺。然而，DL模型到嘈杂和分发输入的脆性是在诊所的部署中的疾病。大多数系统产生点估计，无需进一步了解模型不确定性或信心。本文介绍了一个新的贝叶斯深度学习框架，用于分割神经网络中的不确定量化，特别是编码器解码器架构。所提出的框架使用一阶泰勒级近似传播，并学习模型参数分布的前两个矩（均值和协方差，通过最大化培训数据来最大限度地提高界限。输出包括两个地图：分段图像和分段的不确定性地图。细分决定中的不确定性被预测分配的协方差矩阵捕获。我们评估了从磁共振成像和计算机断层扫描的医学图像分割数据上提出的框架。我们在多个基准数据集上的实验表明，与最先进的分割模型相比，所提出的框架对噪声和对抗性攻击更加稳健。此外，所提出的框架的不确定性地图将低置信度（或等效高不确定性）与噪声，伪像或对抗攻击损坏的测试输入图像中的贴片。因此，当通过在不确定性地图中呈现更高的值，该模型可以自评测出现错误预测或错过分割结构的一部分，例如肿瘤。

在不确定，嘈杂或对抗性环境中学习是深度神经网络（DNN）的具有挑战性的任务。我们提出了一种在贝叶斯估计和变分推理时构建的强大学习的新理论上和有效的方法。我们制定通过DNN层层的密度传播的问题，并使用集合密度传播（ENDP）方案来解决它。ENPP方法允许我们在贝叶斯DNN的层上传播变分概率分布的片段，使得能够估计模型输出的预测分布的平均值和协方差。我们使用Mnist和CiFar-10数据集的实验表明，训练有素的模型的鲁棒性与随机噪声和对抗性攻击的稳健性显着改善。

机器学习模型在各种任务中取得了人力级别的性能。此成功以高成本的计算和存储开销，这使得机器学习算法难以在边缘设备上部署。通常，必须部分地牺牲精度，有利于在降低内存使用和能量消耗方面进行量化的性能。目前的方法通过减少参数的精度或通过消除冗余的方法压缩网络。在本文中，我们提出了通过贝叶斯框架的网络压缩的新洞察力。我们展示贝叶斯神经网络在模型参数中自动发现冗余，从而启用自压缩，这与通过网络层的不确定性传播链接。我们的实验结果表明，网络架构可以通过删除网络本身识别的参数来成功压缩，同时保持相同的准确度。

随着深度神经网络的兴起，解释这些网络预测的挑战已经越来越识别。虽然存在许多用于解释深度神经网络的决策的方法，但目前没有关于如何评估它们的共识。另一方面，鲁棒性是深度学习研究的热门话题;但是，在最近，几乎没有谈论解释性。在本教程中，我们首先呈现基于梯度的可解释性方法。这些技术使用梯度信号来分配对输入特征的决定的负担。后来，我们讨论如何为其鲁棒性和对抗性的鲁棒性在具有有意义的解释中扮演的作用来评估基于梯度的方法。我们还讨论了基于梯度的方法的局限性。最后，我们提出了在选择解释性方法之前应检查的最佳实践和属性。我们结束了未来在稳健性和解释性融合的地区研究的研究。

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

The purpose of this work was to tackle practical issues which arise when using a tendon-driven robotic manipulator with a long, passive, flexible proximal section in medical applications. A separable robot which overcomes difficulties in actuation and sterilization is introduced, in which the body containing the electronics is reusable and the remainder is disposable. A control input which resolves the redundancy in the kinematics and a physical interpretation of this redundancy are provided. The effect of a static change in the proximal section angle on bending angle error was explored under four testing conditions for a sinusoidal input. Bending angle error increased for increasing proximal section angle for all testing conditions with an average error reduction of 41.48% for retension, 4.28% for hysteresis, and 52.35% for re-tension + hysteresis compensation relative to the baseline case. Two major sources of error in tracking the bending angle were identified: time delay from hysteresis and DC offset from the proximal section angle. Examination of these error sources revealed that the simple hysteresis compensation was most effective for removing time delay and re-tension compensation for removing DC offset, which was the primary source of increasing error. The re-tension compensation was also tested for dynamic changes in the proximal section and reduced error in the final configuration of the tip by 89.14% relative to the baseline case.

Compliance in actuation has been exploited to generate highly dynamic maneuvers such as throwing that take advantage of the potential energy stored in joint springs. However, the energy storage and release could not be well-timed yet. On the contrary, for multi-link systems, the natural system dynamics might even work against the actual goal. With the introduction of variable stiffness actuators, this problem has been partially addressed. With a suitable optimal control strategy, the approximate decoupling of the motor from the link can be achieved to maximize the energy transfer into the distal link prior to launch. However, such continuous stiffness variation is complex and typically leads to oscillatory swing-up motions instead of clear launch sequences. To circumvent this issue, we investigate decoupling for speed maximization with a dedicated novel actuator concept denoted Bi-Stiffness Actuation. With this, it is possible to fully decouple the link from the joint mechanism by a switch-and-hold clutch and simultaneously keep the elastic energy stored. We show that with this novel paradigm, it is not only possible to reach the same optimal performance as with power-equivalent variable stiffness actuation, but even directly control the energy transfer timing. This is a major step forward compared to previous optimal control approaches, which rely on optimizing the full time-series control input.

The previous fine-grained datasets mainly focus on classification and are often captured in a controlled setup, with the camera focusing on the objects. We introduce the first Fine-Grained Vehicle Detection (FGVD) dataset in the wild, captured from a moving camera mounted on a car. It contains 5502 scene images with 210 unique fine-grained labels of multiple vehicle types organized in a three-level hierarchy. While previous classification datasets also include makes for different kinds of cars, the FGVD dataset introduces new class labels for categorizing two-wheelers, autorickshaws, and trucks. The FGVD dataset is challenging as it has vehicles in complex traffic scenarios with intra-class and inter-class variations in types, scale, pose, occlusion, and lighting conditions. The current object detectors like yolov5 and faster RCNN perform poorly on our dataset due to a lack of hierarchical modeling. Along with providing baseline results for existing object detectors on FGVD Dataset, we also present the results of a combination of an existing detector and the recent Hierarchical Residual Network (HRN) classifier for the FGVD task. Finally, we show that FGVD vehicle images are the most challenging to classify among the fine-grained datasets.

The task of reconstructing 3D human motion has wideranging applications. The gold standard Motion capture (MoCap) systems are accurate but inaccessible to the general public due to their cost, hardware and space constraints. In contrast, monocular human mesh recovery (HMR) methods are much more accessible than MoCap as they take single-view videos as inputs. Replacing the multi-view Mo- Cap systems with a monocular HMR method would break the current barriers to collecting accurate 3D motion thus making exciting applications like motion analysis and motiondriven animation accessible to the general public. However, performance of existing HMR methods degrade when the video contains challenging and dynamic motion that is not in existing MoCap datasets used for training. This reduces its appeal as dynamic motion is frequently the target in 3D motion recovery in the aforementioned applications. Our study aims to bridge the gap between monocular HMR and multi-view MoCap systems by leveraging information shared across multiple video instances of the same action. We introduce the Neural Motion (NeMo) field. It is optimized to represent the underlying 3D motions across a set of videos of the same action. Empirically, we show that NeMo can recover 3D motion in sports using videos from the Penn Action dataset, where NeMo outperforms existing HMR methods in terms of 2D keypoint detection. To further validate NeMo using 3D metrics, we collected a small MoCap dataset mimicking actions in Penn Action,and show that NeMo achieves better 3D reconstruction compared to various baselines.

Rigorous guarantees about the performance of predictive algorithms are necessary in order to ensure their responsible use. Previous work has largely focused on bounding the expected loss of a predictor, but this is not sufficient in many risk-sensitive applications where the distribution of errors is important. In this work, we propose a flexible framework to produce a family of bounds on quantiles of the loss distribution incurred by a predictor. Our method takes advantage of the order statistics of the observed loss values rather than relying on the sample mean alone. We show that a quantile is an informative way of quantifying predictive performance, and that our framework applies to a variety of quantile-based metrics, each targeting important subsets of the data distribution. We analyze the theoretical properties of our proposed method and demonstrate its ability to rigorously control loss quantiles on several real-world datasets.